World

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World

Anti-Doping

Code

2007 Code Amendments

2007

Code Version 3.0

World Anti-Doping Code 2007 Version 3.0

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PURPOSE, SCOPE AND ORGANIZATION OF THE WORLD ANTI-DOPING PROGRAM AND THE CODE......................6

THE CODE ..........................................................................................................................................6

THE WORLD ANTI-DOPING PROGRAM.......................................................................................................6

INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS..................................................................................................................6

MODELS OF BEST PRACTICE AND GUIDELINES..........................................................................................7

FUNDAMENTAL RATIONALE FOR THE WORLD ANTI-DOPING CODE..................................................................7

PART ONE DOPING CONTROL............................................................................................................9

INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................................................9

ARTICLE 1 DEFINITION OF DOPING...................................................................................................10

ARTICLE 2 ANTI-DOPING RULE VIOLATIONS......................................................................................10

2.1 PRESENCE OF A PROHIBITED SUBSTANCE OR ITS METABOLITES OR MARKERS...........................11

2.2 USE OR ATTEMPTED USE BY AN ATHLETE OF A PROHIBITED SUBSTANCE OR A PROHIBITED METHOD...........................................................................................................................12

2.3 REFUSING OR FAILING TO SUBMIT TO SAMPLE COLLECTION....................................................13

2.4 VIOLATION OF APPLICABLE REQUIREMENTS RE ... OUT-OF-COMPETITION TESTING....................13

2.5 TAMPERING OR ATTEMPTED TAMPERING................................................................................13

2.6 POSSESSION OF PROHIBITED SUBSTANCES AND METHODS.....................................................14

2.7 TRAFFICKING OR ATTEMPTED TRAFFICKING IN ANY PROHIBITED SUBSTANCE OR PROHIBITED METHOD............................................................................................................................14

2.8 ADMINISTRATION OR ATTEMPTED ADMINISTRATION TO ANY ATHLETE......................................14

ARTICLE 3 PROOF OF DOPING............................................................................................................14

3.1 BURDENS AND STANDARDS OF PROOF...................................................................................14

3.2 METHODS OF ESTABLISHING FACTS AND PRESUMPTIONS........................................................15

ARTICLE 4 THE PROHIBITED LIST......................................................................................................16

4.1 PUBLICATION AND REVISION OF THE PROHIBITED LIST...........................................................16

4.2 PROHIBITED SUBSTANCES AND PROHIBITED METHODS IDENTIFIED ON THE PROHIBITED LIST....17

4.3 CRITERIA FOR INCLUDING SUBSTANCES AND METHODS ON THE PROHIBITED LIST....................18

4.4 THERAPEUTIC USE...............................................................................................................19

4.5 MONITORING PROGRAM.......................................................................................................20

ARTICLE 5 TESTING...........................................................................................................................21

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5.1 TEST DISTRIBUTION PLANNING.............................................................................................21

5.2 STANDARDS FOR TESTING....................................................................................................22

5.3 RETIRED ATHLETES RETURNING TO COMPETITION..................................................................22

ARTICLE 6 ANALYSIS OF SAMPLES.....................................................................................................22

6.1 USE OF APPROVED LABORATORIES........................................................................................22

6.2 PURPOSE OF COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS OF SAMPLES............................................................22

6.3 RESEARCH ON SAMPLES.......................................................................................................23

6.4 STANDARDS FOR SAMPLE ANALYSIS AND REPORTING.............................................................23

6.5 RETESTING SAMPLES...........................................................................................................23

ARTICLE 7 RESULTS MANAGEMENT.....................................................................................................23

7.1 INITIAL REVIEW REGARDING ADVERSE ANALYTICAL FINDINGS.................................................23

7.2 NOTIFICATION AFTER INITIAL REVIEW REGARDING ADVERSE ANALYTICAL FINDINGS.................24

7.3 FURTHER REVIEW OF ATYPICAL FINDINGS..............................................................................24

7.4 REVIEW OF OTHER ANTI-DOPING RULE VIOLATIONS NOT COVERED BY ARTICLES 7.1-7.3...........25

7.5 PRINCIPLES APPLICABLE TO PROVISIONAL SUSPENSIONS........................................................25

7.6 RETIREMENT FROM SPORT....................................................................................................27

ARTICLE 8 RIGHT TO A FAIR HEARING...............................................................................................27

8.1 FAIR HEARINGS...................................................................................................................27

8.2 EVENT HEARINGS................................................................................................................28

8.3 WAIVER OF HEARING...........................................................................................................28

ARTICLE 9 AUTOMATIC DISQUALIFICATION OF INDIVIDUAL RESULTS..............................................28

ARTICLE 10 SANCTIONS ON INDIVIDUALS.........................................................................................29

10.1 DISQUALIFICATION OF RESULTS IN EVENT DURING WHICH AN ANTI-DOPING RULE VIOLATION OCCURS............................................................................................................................29

10.2 IMPOSITION OF INELIGIBILITY FOR PROHIBITED SUBSTANCES AND PROHIBITED METHODS........29

10.3 INELIGIBILITY FOR OTHER ANTI-DOPING RULE VIOLATIONS....................................................30

10.4 ELIMINATION OR REDUCTION OF THE PERIOD OF INELIGIBILITY FOR SPECIFIED SUBSTANCES UNDER SPECIFIC CIRCUMSTANCES........................................................................................31

10.5 ELIMINATION OR REDUCTION OF PERIOD OF INELIGIBILITY BASED ON EXCEPTIONAL CIRCUMSTANCES.................................................................................................................32

10.6 AGGRAVATING CIRCUMSTANCES WHICH MAY INCREASE THE PERIOD OF INELIGIBILITY.............38

10.7 MULTIPLE VIOLATIONS.........................................................................................................39

10.8 DISQUALIFICATION OF RESULTS IN COMPETITIONS SUBSEQUENT TO SAMPLE COLLECTION OR COMMISSION OF ANTI-DOPING RULE VIOLATION....................................................................42

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10.9 COMMENCEMENT OF INELIGIBILITY PERIOD...........................................................................43

10.10 STATUS DURING INELIGIBILITY.............................................................................................44

10.11 REINSTATEMENT TESTING....................................................................................................45

10.12 IMPOSITION OF FINANCIAL SANCTIONS.................................................................................46

ARTICLE 11 CONSEQUENCES TO TEAMS..............................................................................................46

11.1 TESTING OF TEAM SPORTS .............................................................................................46

11.2 CONSEQUENCES FOR TEAM SPORTS ................................................................................46

11.3 EVENT RULING BODY MAY ESTABLISH STRICTER CONSEQUENCES FOR TEAM SPORTS ...........46

ARTICLE 12 SANCTIONS AGAINST SPORTING BODIES.......................................................................46

ARTICLE 13 APPEALS.........................................................................................................................47

13.1 DECISIONS SUBJECT TO APPEAL...........................................................................................47

13.2 APPEALS FROM DECISIONS REGARDING ANTI-DOPING RULE VIOLATIONS, CONSEQUENCES, AND PROVISIONAL SUSPENSIONS................................................................................................47

13.3 FAILURE TO RENDER A TIMELY DECISION BY AN ANTI-DOPING ORGANIZATION.........................49

13.4 APPEALS FROM DECISIONS GRANTING OR DENYING A THERAPEUTIC USE EXEMPTION................49

13.5 APPEALS FROM DECISIONS UNDER PART THREE AND PART FOUR OF THE CODE.........................50

13.6 APPEALS FROM DECISIONS SUSPENDING OR REVOKING LABORATORY ACCREDITATION..............50

ARTICLE 14 CONFIDENTIALITY AND REPORTING...............................................................................50

14.1 INFORMATION CONCERNING ADVERSE ANALYTICAL FINDINGS, ATYPICAL FINDINGS, AND OTHER POTENTIAL ANTI-DOPING RULE VIOLATIONS..........................................................................50

14.2 PUBLIC DISCLOSURE............................................................................................................51

14.3 ATHLETE WHEREABOUTS INFORMATION.................................................................................52

14.4 STATISTICAL REPORTING.....................................................................................................52

14.5 DOPING CONTROL INFORMATION CLEARINGHOUSE.................................................................53

14.6 DATA PRIVACY.....................................................................................................................53

ARTICLE 15 CLARIFICATION OF DOPING CONTROL RESPONSIBILITIES............................................53

15.1 EVENT TESTING...................................................................................................................54

15.2 OUT-OF-COMPETITION TESTING............................................................................................54

15.3 RESULTS MANAGEMENT, HEARINGS AND SANCTIONS..............................................................55

15.4 MUTUAL RECOGNITION.........................................................................................................56

ARTICLE 16 DOPING CONTROL FOR ANIMALS COMPETING IN SPORT................................................56

ARTICLE 17 STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS..............................................................................................57

PART TWO EDUCATION AND RESEARCH..........................................................................................58

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ARTICLE 18 EDUCATION.....................................................................................................................58

18.1 BASIC PRINCIPLE AND PRIMARY GOAL...................................................................................58

18.2 PROGRAM AND ACTIVITIES...................................................................................................58

18.3 PROFESSIONAL CODES OF CONDUCT.....................................................................................59

18.4 COORDINATION AND COOPERATION......................................................................................59

ARTICLE 19 RESEARCH.......................................................................................................................59

19.1 PURPOSE AND AIMS OF ANTI-DOPING RESEARCH....................................................................59

19.2 TYPES OF RESEARCH............................................................................................................59

19.3 COORDINATION OF RESEARCH AND SHARING OF RESULTS......................................................60

19.4 RESEARCH PRACTICES.........................................................................................................60

19.5 RESEARCH USING PROHIBITED SUBSTANCES AND PROHIBITED METHODS................................60

19.6 MISUSE OF RESULTS............................................................................................................60

PART THREE ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES.....................................................................................61

ARTICLE 20 ADDITIONAL ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF SIGNATORIES.....................................61

20.1 ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE INTERNATIONAL OLYMPIC COMMITTEE..........................61

20.2 ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE INTERNATIONAL PARALYMPIC COMMITTEE.....................62

20.3 ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF INTERNATIONAL FEDERATIONS...........................................62

20.4 ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF NATIONAL OLYMPIC COMMITTEES AND NATIONAL PARALYMPIC COMMITTEES.....................................................................................................................64

20.5 ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF NATIONAL ANTI-DOPING ORGANIZATIONS...........................65

20.6 ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF MAJOR EVENT ORGANIZATIONS..........................................65

20.7 ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF WADA...............................................................................66

ARTICLE 21 ADDITIONAL ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF ATHLETES OR OTHER PERSONS..........66

21.1 ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF ATHLETES.........................................................................66

21.2 ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF ATHLETE SUPPORT PERSONNEL...........................................67

ARTICLE 22 INVOLVEMENT OF GOVERNMENTS...................................................................................67

PART FOUR ACCEPTANCE, COMPLIANCE, MODIFICATION AND INTERPRETATION...........................69

ARTICLE 23 ACCEPTANCE, COMPLIANCE AND MODIFICATION............................................................69

23.1 ACCEPTANCE OF THE CODE...................................................................................................69

23.2 IMPLEMENTATION OF THE CODE............................................................................................69

23.3 COMPLIANCE WITH THE CODE...............................................................................................70

23.4 MONITORING COMPLIANCE WITH THE CODE AND UNESCO CONVENTION...................................71

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23.5 ADDITIONAL CONSEQUENCES OF A SIGNATORY’S NONCOMPLIANCE WITH THE CODE.................72

23.6 MODIFICATION OF THE CODE................................................................................................72

23.7 WITHDRAWAL OF ACCEPTANCE OF THE CODE.........................................................................72

ARTICLE 24 INTERPRETATION OF THE CODE......................................................................................72

ARTICLE 25 TRANSITIONAL PROVISIONS..........................................................................................73

APPENDIX 1 – DEFINITIONS.................................................................................................................75

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PURPOSE, SCOPE AND ORGANIZATION OF THE WORLD ANTI-DOPING PROGRAM AND THE CODE

The purposes of the World Anti-Doping Code and the World Anti-Doping Program which supports it are:

• To protect the Athletes' fundamental right to participate in doping-free sport and thus promote health, fairness and equality for Athletes worldwide, and

• To ensure harmonized, coordinated and effective anti-doping programs at the international and national level with regard to detection, deterrence and prevention of doping.

[Comment: The Olympic Charter in force as from 7 July 2007, and the UNESCO Convention adopted in Paris on October 19, 2005, both recognize the prevention of and the fight against doping in sport as a critical part of the mission of the International Olympic Committee and UNESCO and also recognize the fundamental role of the Code.]

The Code

The Code is the fundamental and universal document upon which the World Anti-Doping Program in sport is based. The purpose of the Code is to advance the anti-doping effort through universal harmonization of core anti-doping elements. It is intended to be specific enough to achieve complete harmonization on issues where uniformity is required, yet general enough in other areas to permit flexibility on how agreed upon anti-doping principles are implemented.

The World Anti-Doping Program

The World Anti-Doping Program encompasses all of the elements needed in order to ensure optimal harmonization and best practice in international and national anti-doping programs. The main elements are:

Level 1: The Code

Level 2: International Standards

Level 3: Models of Best Practice and Guidelines

International Standards

International Standards for different technical and operational areas within the anti-doping program will be developed in consultation with the Signatories and governments and approved by WADA. The purpose of the International Standards is harmonization among Anti-Doping Organizations responsible for specific technical and operational parts of the anti-doping programs. Adherence

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to the International Standards is mandatory for compliance with the Code. The International Standards may be revised from time to time by the WADA Executive Committee after reasonable consultation with the Signatories and governments. Unless provided otherwise in the Code, International Standards and all revisions shall become effective on the date specified in the International Standard or revision.

[Comment: The International Standards contain much of the technical detail necessary for implementing the Code. International Standards, while expressly incorporated into the Code by reference, will, in consultation with the Signatories and governments, be developed by experts and set forth in separate technical documents. It is important that the WADA Executive Committee be able to make timely changes to the International Standards without requiring any amendment of the Code or individual stakeholder rules and regulations.]

Models of Best Practice and Guidelines

Models of Best Practice and Guidelines based on the Code have been and will be developed to provide solutions in different areas of anti-doping. The Models will be recommended by WADA and made available to Signatories upon request but will not be mandatory. In addition to providing models of anti-doping documentation, WADA will also make some training assistance available to the Signatories.

[Comment: Following the adoption of the 2007 Code Amendments, WADA will prepare amended model anti-doping rules and regulations tailored to the needs of each of the major groups of Signatories (e.g., International Federations and National Anti-Doping Organizations, etc.). These model rules and regulations will conform with and be based on the Code, will be state of the art examples of best practices and will contain all of the detail (including reference to International Standards) necessary to conduct an effective anti-doping program.

These model rules and regulations will provide alternatives from which stakeholders may select. Some stakeholders may choose to adopt the model rules and regulations and other models of best practices verbatim. Others may decide to adopt the models with modifications. Still other stakeholders may choose to develop their own rules and regulations consistent with the general principles and specific requirements set forth in the Code.

Other model documents or guidelines for specific parts of the anti-doping work may be developed based on generally recognized stakeholder needs and expectations. This could include models or guidelines for national anti-doping programs, results management, Testing (beyond the specific requirements set forth in the International Standard for Testing), education programs, etc. All Models of Best Practice will be reviewed and approved by WADA before they are included in the World Anti-Doping Program.]

FUNDAMENTAL RATIONALE FOR THE WORLD ANTI-DOPING CODE

Anti-doping programs seek to preserve what is intrinsically valuable about sport.

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This intrinsic value is often referred to as "the spirit of sport"; it is the essence of Olympism; it is how we play true. The spirit of sport is the celebration of the human spirit, body and mind, and is characterized by the following values:

• Ethics, fair play and honesty
• Health
• Excellence in performance
• Character and education
• Fun and joy
• Teamwork
• Dedication and commitment
• Respect for rules and laws
• Respect for self and other participants
• Courage
• Community and solidarity

Doping is fundamentally contrary to the spirit of sport.

To fight doping by promoting the spirit of sport, the Code requires each Anti-Doping Organization to develop and implement educational programs for Athletes, including youth, and Athlete Support Personnel.

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PART ONE

DOPING CONTROL

INTRODUCTION

Part One of the Code sets forth specific anti-doping rules and principles that are to be followed by organizations responsible for adopting, implementing or enforcing anti-doping rules within their authority - e.g., the International Olympic Committee, International Paralympic Committee, International Federations, Major Event Organizations, and National Anti-Doping Organizations. All of these organizations are collectively referred to as Anti-Doping Organizations.

All provisions of the Code are mandatory in substance and must be followed as applicable by each Anti-Doping Organization and Athlete or other Person. The Code does not, however, replace or eliminate the need for comprehensive anti-doping rules adopted by each Anti-Doping Organization. While some provisions of the Code must be incorporated without substantive change by each Anti-Doping Organization in its own anti-doping rules, other provisions of the Code establish mandatory guiding principles that allow flexibility in the formulation of rules by each Anti-Doping Organization or establish requirements that must be followed by each Anti-Doping Organization but need not be repeated in its own anti-doping rules.

[Comment: Those Articles of the Code which must be incorporated into each Anti-Doping Organization’s rules without substantive change are set forth in Article 23.2.2. For example it is critical for purposes of harmonization that all Signatories base their decisions on the same list of anti-doping rule violations, the same burdens of proof and impose the same Consequences for the same anti-doping rule violations. These rules must be the same whether a hearing takes place before an International Federation, at the national level or before the Court of Arbitration for Sport.

Code provisions not listed in Article 23.2.2 are still mandatory in substance even though an Anti-Doping Organization is not required to incorporate them verbatim. Those provisions generally fall into two categories. First, some provisions direct Anti-Doping Organizations to take certain actions but there is no need to restate the provision in the Anti-Doping Organization’s own anti-doping rules. As an example, each Anti-Doping Organization must plan and conduct Testing as required by Article 5, but these directives to the Anti-Doping Organization need not be repeated in the Anti-Doping Organization’s own rules. Second, some provisions are mandatory in substance but give each Anti-Doping Organization some flexibility in the implementation of the principles stated in the provision. As one example, it is not necessary for effective harmonization to force all Signatories to use one single results management and hearing process. At present, there are many different, yet equally effective processes for results management and hearings within different International Federations and

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different national bodies. The Code does not require absolute uniformity in results management and hearing procedures; it does, however, require that the diverse approaches of the Signatories satisfy principles stated in the Code.]

Anti-doping rules, like competition rules, are sport rules governing the conditions under which sport is played. Athletes or other Persons accept these rules as a condition of participation and shall be bound to these rules. Each Signatory shall establish rules and procedures to ensure that all Athletes or other Persons under the authority of the Signatory and its member organizations are informed of and agree to be bound by anti-doping rules in force of the relevant Anti-Doping Organizations.

[Comment: By their participation in sport, Athletes are bound by the competitive rules of their sport. In the same manner, Athletes and Athlete Support Personnel should be bound by anti-doping rules based on Article 2 of the Code by virtue of their agreements for membership, accreditation, or participation in sports organizations or sports events subject to the Code. Each Signatory, however, shall take the necessary steps to ensure that all Athletes and Athlete Support Personnel within its authority are bound by the relevant Anti-Doping Organization's anti-doping rules.]

Each Signatory shall establish rules and procedures to ensure that all Athletes or other Persons under the authority of the Signatory and its member organizations consent to the dissemination of their private data as required or authorized by the Code and are bound by and comply with the anti-doping rules, and that the appropriate Consequences are imposed on those Athletes or other Persons who are not in conformity with the rules. These sport specific rules and procedures aimed at enforcing anti-doping rules in a global and harmonized way are distinct in nature and are, therefore, not intended to be subject to or limited by any national requirements and legal standards applicable to criminal proceedings or employment matters. When revising the facts and the law of a case all courts, arbitral tribunals and other adjudicating bodies should be aware and respect the distinct nature of the anti-doping rules in the Code and the fact that the latter represents the consensus of a broad spectrum of stakeholders around the world with an interest in fair sport.

ARTICLE 1 DEFINITION OF DOPING

Doping is defined as the occurrence of one or more of the anti-doping rule violations set forth in Article 2.1 through Article 2.8 of the Code.

ARTICLE 2 ANTI-DOPING RULE VIOLATIONS

[Comment to Article 2: The purpose of Article 2 is to specify the circumstances and conduct which constitute violations of anti-doping rules. Hearings in doping cases will proceed based on the assertion that one or more of these specific rules have been violated.]

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Athletes or other Persons shall be responsible for knowing what constitutes an anti-doping rule violation and the substances and methods which have been included on the Prohibited List.

The following constitute anti-doping rule violations:

2.1 The presence of a Prohibited Substance or its Metabolites or Markers in an Athlete’s Sample.

2.1.1 It is each Athlete’s personal duty to ensure that no Prohibited Substance enters his or her body. Athletes are responsible for any Prohibited Substance or its Metabolites or Markers found to be present in their Samples. Accordingly, it is not necessary that intent, fault, negligence or knowing Use on the Athlete’s part be demonstrated in order to establish an anti-doping violation under Article 2.1.

[Comment to Article 2.1.1: For purposes of anti-doping violations involving the presence of a Prohibited Substance (or its Metabolites or Markers), the Code adopts the rule of strict liability which was found in the Olympic Movement Anti-Doping Code ("OMADC") and the vast majority of pre-Code anti-doping rules. Under the strict liability principle, an Athlete is responsible, and an anti-doping rule violation occurs, whenever a Prohibited Substance is found in an Athlete’s Sample. The violation occurs whether or not the Athlete intentionally or unintentionally used a Prohibited Substance or was negligent or otherwise at fault. If the positive Sample came from an In-Competition test, then the results of that Competition are automatically invalidated (Article 9 (Automatic Disqualification of Individual Results)). However, the Athlete then has the possibility to avoid or reduce sanctions if the Athlete can demonstrate that he or she was not at fault or significant fault (Article 10.5 (Elimination or Reduction of Period of Ineligibility Based on Exceptional Circumstances)) or in certain circumstances did not intend to enhance his or her sport performance (Article 10.4 (Elimination or Reduction of the Period of Ineligibility for Specified Substances under Certain Circumstances)).

The strict liability rule for the finding of a Prohibited Substance in an Athlete's Sample, with a possibility that sanctions may be modified based on specified criteria, provides a reasonable balance between effective anti-doping enforcement for the benefit of all "clean" Athletes and fairness in the exceptional circumstance where a Prohibited Substance entered an Athlete’s system through no fault or negligence on the Athlete’s part. It is important to emphasize that while the determination of whether the anti-doping rule has been violated is based on strict liability, the imposition of a fixed period of Ineligibility is not automatic. The strict liability principle set forth in the Code has been consistently upheld in the decisions of CAS.]

2.1.2 Sufficient proof of an anti-doping rule violation under Article 2.1 is established by either of the following: presence of a Prohibited Substance or its Metabolites or Markers in the Athlete’s A Sample where the Athlete waives analysis of the B Sample and the B Sample is not analyzed; or, where the Athlete’s B Sample is

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analyzed and the analysis of the Athlete’s B Sample confirms the presence of the Prohibited Substance or its Metabolites or Markers found in the Athlete’s A Sample.

[Comment to Article 2.1.2: The Anti-Doping Organization with results management responsibility may in its discretion choose to have the B Sample analyzed even if the Athlete does not request the analysis of the B Sample.]

2.1.3 Excepting those substances for which a quantitative threshold is specifically identified in the Prohibited List, the presence of any quantity of a Prohibited Substance or its Metabolites or Markers in an Athlete’s Sample shall constitute an anti-doping rule violation.

2.1.4 As an exception to the general rule of Article 2.1, the Prohibited List or International Standards may establish special criteria for the evaluation of Prohibited Substances that can also be produced endogenously.

2.2 Use or Attempted Use by an Athlete of a Prohibited Substance or a Prohibited Method.

[Comment to Article 2.2: As noted in Article 3 (Proof of Doping), it has always been the case that "Use" of a Prohibited Substance or Prohibited Method may be established by any reliable means. Unlike the proof required to establish an anti-doping rule violation under Article 2.1, Use may also be established by other reliable means such as admissions by the Athlete, witness statements, documentary evidence, conclusions drawn from longitudinal profiling, or other analytical information which does not otherwise satisfy all the requirements to establish "presence" of a Prohibited Substance under Article 2.1.

For example, Use may be established based upon reliable analytical data from the analysis of an A Sample (without confirmation from an analysis of a B Sample) or from the analysis of a B Sample alone where the Anti-Doping Organization provides a satisfactory explanation for the lack of confirmation in the other Sample.]

2.2.1 It is each Athlete’s personal duty to ensure that no Prohibited Substance enters his or her body. Accordingly, it is not necessary that intent, fault, negligence or knowing Use on the Athlete’s part be demonstrated in order to establish an anti-doping violation for Use of a Prohibited Substance or a Prohibited Method.

2.2.2 The success or failure of the Use of a Prohibited Substance or Prohibited Method is not material. It is sufficient that the Prohibited Substance or Prohibited Method was Used or Attempted to be Used for an anti-doping rule violation to be committed.

[Comment to Article 2.2.2: Demonstrating the "Attempted Use" of a Prohibited Substance requires proof of intent on the Athlete’s part. The fact that intent may be required to prove this particular anti-doping rule violation does not

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undermine the strict liability principle established for violations of Article 2.1 and Use of a Prohibited Substance or Prohibited Method.

An Athlete’s "Use" of a Prohibited Substance constitutes an anti-doping rule violation unless such substance is not prohibited Out-of-Competition and the Athlete’s Use takes place Out-of-Competition. (However, the presence of a Prohibited Substance or its Metabolites or Markers in a Sample collected In-Competition will be a violation of Article 2.1 (Presence of a Prohibited Substance or its Metabolites or Markers) regardless of when that substance might have been administered.)]

2.3 Refusing or failing without compelling justification to submit to Sample collection after notification as authorized in applicable anti-doping rules, or otherwise evading Sample collection.

[Comment to Article 2.3: Failure or refusal to submit to Sample collection after notification was prohibited in almost all pre-Code anti-doping rules. This Article expands the typical pre-Code rule to include "otherwise evading Sample collection" as prohibited conduct. Thus, for example, it would be an anti-doping rule violation if it were established that an Athlete was hiding from a Doping Control official to evade notification or Testing. A violation of "refusing or failing to submit to Sample collection" may be based on either intentional or negligent conduct of the Athlete, while "evading" Sample collection contemplates intentional conduct by the Athlete.]

2.4 Violation of applicable requirements regarding Athlete availability for Out-of-Competition Testing including failure to file required whereabouts information and missed tests which are declared based on rules which comply with the International Standard for Testing. Any combination of three missed tests and/or filing failures within an eighteen-month period as determined by Anti-Doping Organizations with jurisdiction over the Athlete shall constitute an anti-doping rule violation.

[Comment to Article 2.4: Separate whereabouts filing failures and missed tests declared under the rules of the Athlete’s International Federation or any other Anti-Doping Organizations with authority to declare whereabouts filing failures and missed tests in accordance with the International Standard for Testing shall be combined in applying this Article. In appropriate circumstances, missed tests or filing failures may also constitute an anti-doping rule violation under Article 2.3.]

2.5 Tampering or Attempted Tampering with any part of Doping Control

[Comment to Article 2.5: This Article prohibits conduct which subverts the Doping Control process but which would not otherwise be included in the definition of Prohibited Methods. For example, altering identification numbers on a Doping Control form during Testing, breaking the B Bottle at the time of B Sample analysis or providing fraudulent information to an Anti-Doping Organization.]

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2.6 Possession of Prohibited Substances and Methods:

2.6.1 Possession by an Athlete In-Competition of any Prohibited Method or any Prohibited Substance, or Possession by an Athlete Out-of-Competition of any Prohibited Method or any Prohibited Substance which is prohibited in Out-of-Competition Testing, unless the Athlete establishes that the Possession is pursuant to a therapeutic use exemption granted in accordance with Article 4.4 (Therapeutic Use) or other acceptable justification.

2.6.2 Possession by an Athlete Support Personnel In-Competition of any Prohibited Method or any Prohibited Substance, or Possession by an Athlete Support Personnel Out-of-Competition of any Prohibited Method or any Prohibited Substance which is prohibited in Out-of-Competition Testing, in connection with an Athlete, Competition or training, unless the Athlete Support Personnel establishes that the Possession is pursuant to a therapeutic use exemption granted to an Athlete in accordance with Article 4.4 (Therapeutic Use) or other acceptable justification.

[Comment to Article 2.6.1 and 2.6.2: Acceptable justification would not include, for example, buying or possessing a Prohibited Substance for purposes of giving it to a friend or relative, except under justifiable medical circumstances where that Person had a physician’s prescription, e.g., buying Insulin for a diabetic child.]

[Comment to Article 2.6.2: Acceptable justification would include, for example, a team doctor carrying Prohibited Substances for dealing with acute and emergency situations.]

2.7 Trafficking or Attempted Trafficking in any Prohibited Substance or Prohibited Method.

2.8 Administration or Attempted administration to any Athlete In-Competition of any Prohibited Method or Prohibited Substance, or administration or Attempted administration to any Athlete Out-of-Competition of any Prohibited Method or any Prohibited Substance that is prohibited in Out-of-Competition Testing, or assisting, encouraging, aiding, abetting, covering up or any other type of complicity involving an anti-doping rule violation or any Attempted anti-doping rule violation.

[Comment to Article 2: The Code does not make it an anti-doping rule violation for an Athlete or other Person to work or associate with Athlete Support Personnel who are serving a period of Ineligibility. However, a sport organization may adopt its own rules which prohibit such conduct.]

ARTICLE 3 PROOF OF DOPING

3.1 Burdens and Standards of Proof

The Anti-Doping Organization shall have the burden of establishing that an anti-doping rule violation has occurred. The standard of proof shall be

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whether the Anti-Doping Organization has established an anti-doping rule violation to the comfortable satisfaction of the hearing panel bearing in mind the seriousness of the allegation which is made. This standard of proof in all cases is greater than a mere balance of probability but less than proof beyond a reasonable doubt. Where the Code places the burden of proof upon the Athlete or other Person alleged to have committed an anti-doping rule violation to rebut a presumption or establish specified facts or circumstances, the standard of proof shall be by a balance of probability, except as provided in Articles 10.4 and 10.6 where the Athlete must satisfy a higher burden of proof.

[Comment to Article 3.1: This standard of proof required to be met by the Anti-Doping Organization is comparable to the standard which is applied in most countries to cases involving professional misconduct. It has also been widely applied by courts and tribunals in doping cases. See, for example, the CAS decision in N., J., Y., W. v. FINA, CAS 98/208, 22 December 1998.]

3.2 Methods of Establishing Facts and Presumptions. Facts related to anti-doping rule violations may be established by any reliable means, including admissions. The following rules of proof shall be applicable in doping cases:

[Comment to Article 3.2: For example, an Anti-Doping Organization may establish an anti-doping rule violation under Article 2.2 (Use of a Prohibited Substance or Prohibited Method) based on the Athlete’s admissions, the credible testimony of third persons, reliable documentary evidence, reliable analytical data from either an A or B Sample as provided in the Comments to Article 2.2, or conclusions drawn from the profile of a series of the Athlete’s blood or urine Samples.]

3.2.1 WADA-accredited laboratories are presumed to have conducted Sample analysis and custodial procedures in accordance with the International Standard for Laboratories. The Athlete or other Person may rebut this presumption by establishing a departure from the International Standard occurred which could reasonably have caused the Adverse Analytical Finding.

If the Athlete or other Person rebuts the preceding presumption by showing that a departure from the International Standard occurred which could reasonably have caused the Adverse Analytical Finding, then the Anti-Doping Organization shall have the burden to establish that such departure did not cause the Adverse Analytical Finding.

[Comment to Article 3.2.1: The burden is on the Athlete or other Person to establish, by a balance of probability, a departure from the International Standard that could reasonably have caused the Adverse Analytical Finding. If the Athlete or other Person does so, the burden shifts to the Anti-Doping Organization to prove to the comfortable satisfaction of the hearing panel that the departure did not cause the Adverse Analytical Finding.]

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3.2.2 Departures from any other International Standard or other anti-doping rule or policy which did not cause an Adverse Analytical Finding or other anti-doping rule violation shall not invalidate such results. If the Athlete or other Person establishes that a departure from another International Standard or other anti-doping rule or policy which could reasonably have caused the Adverse Analytical Finding occurred, then the Anti-Doping Organization shall have the burden to establish that such departure did not cause the Adverse Analytical Finding or the factual basis for the anti-doping rule violation.

3.2.3 The facts established by a decision of a court or professional disciplinary tribunal of competent jurisdiction which is not the subject of a pending appeal shall be irrebuttable evidence against the Athlete or other Person to whom the decision pertained of those facts unless the Athlete or other Person establishes that the decision violated principles of natural justice.

3.2.4 The tribunal in a hearing on an anti-doping rule violation may draw an inference adverse to the Athlete or other Person who is asserted to have committed an anti-doping rule violation based on the Athlete or other Person’s refusal, after a request made in a reasonable time in advance of the hearing, to appear at the hearing (either in person or telephonically as directed by the tribunal) and to answer questions from the tribunal or the Anti-Doping Organization asserting the anti-doping rule violation.

[Comment to Article 3.2.4: Drawing an adverse inference under these circumstances has been recognized in numerous CAS decisions.]

ARTICLE 4 THE PROHIBITED LIST

4.1 Publication and Revision of the Prohibited List. WADA shall, as often as necessary and no less often than annually, publish the Prohibited List as an International Standard. The proposed content of the Prohibited List and all revisions shall be provided in writing promptly to all Signatories and governments for comment and consultation. Each annual version of the Prohibited List and all revisions shall be distributed promptly by WADA to each Signatory and government and shall be published on WADA's website, and each Signatory shall take appropriate steps to distribute the Prohibited List to its members and constituents. The rules of each Anti-Doping Organization shall specify that, unless provided otherwise in the Prohibited List or a revision, the Prohibited List and revisions shall go into effect under the Anti-Doping Organization's rules three months after publication of the Prohibited List by WADA without requiring any further action by the Anti-Doping Organization.

[Comment to Article 4.1: The Prohibited List will be revised and published on an expedited basis whenever the need arises. However, for the sake of

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predictability, a new Prohibited List will be published every year whether or not changes have been made. WADA will always have the most current Prohibited List published on its website. The Prohibited List is an integral part of the International Convention against Doping in Sport. WADA will inform the Director-General of UNESCO of any change to the Prohibited List.]

4.2 Prohibited Substances and Prohibited Methods Identified on the Prohibited List.

4.2.1 Prohibited Substances and Prohibited Methods.

The Prohibited List shall identify those Prohibited Substances and Prohibited Methods which are prohibited as doping at all times (both In-Competition and Out-of-Competition) because of their potential to enhance performance in future Competitions or their masking potential and those substances and methods which are prohibited In-Competition only. The Prohibited List may be expanded by WADA for a particular sport. Prohibited Substances and Prohibited Methods may be included in the Prohibited List by general category (e.g., anabolic agents) or by specific reference to a particular substance or method.

[Comment to Article 4.2.1: There will be one Prohibited List. The substances which are prohibited at all times would include masking agents and those substances which, when used in training, may have long term performance enhancing effects such as anabolics. All substances and methods on the Prohibited List are prohibited In-Competition. Out-of-Competition "Use" (Article 2.2) of a substance which is only prohibited In-Competition is not an anti-doping rule violation unless an Adverse Analytical Finding for the substance or its Metabolites is reported for a Sample collected In-Competition (Article 2.1).

There will be only one document called the "Prohibited List." WADA may add additional substances or methods to the Prohibited List for particular sports (e.g. the inclusion of beta-blockers for shooting) but this will also be reflected on the single Prohibited List. A particular sport is not permitted to seek exemption from the basic list of Prohibited Substances (e.g. eliminating anabolics from the Prohibited List for ''mind sports"). The premise of this decision is that there are certain basic doping agents which anyone who chooses to call himself or herself an Athlete should not take.]

4.2.2 Specified Substances.

All Prohibited Substances, except substances in the classes of anabolic agents and hormones and those stimulants so identified on the Prohibited List, shall be "Specified Substances" for purposes of the application of Article 10 (Sanctions on Individuals). Prohibited Methods shall not be Specified Substances.

[Comment to Article 4.2.2: In drafting the Code there was considerable stakeholder debate over the appropriate balance between inflexible sanctions which promote harmonization in the application of the rules and more flexible sanctions which better take into consideration the circumstances of each individual case. This balance continued to be discussed in various CAS decisions

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interpreting the Code. After three years experience with the Code, the strong consensus of stakeholders is that while the occurrence of an anti-doping rule violation under Articles 2.1 (Presence of a Prohibited Substance or its Metabolites or Markers) and 2.2 (Use of a Prohibited Substance or Prohibited Method) should still be based on the principle of strict liability, the Code sanctions should be made more flexible where the Athlete or other Person can clearly demonstrate that he or she did not intend to enhance sport performance. The change to Article 4.2 and related changes to Article 10 provide this additional flexibility for violations involving many Prohibited Substances. The rules set forth in Article 10.5 would remain the only basis for eliminating or reducing a sanction involving anabolic steroids, hormones, certain stimulants identified on Prohibited List, or Prohibited Methods.]

4.2.3 New Classes of Prohibited Substances.

In the event WADA expands the Prohibited List by adding a new class of Prohibited Substances in accordance with Article 4.1, WADA’s Executive Committee shall determine whether any or all Prohibited Substances within the new class of Prohibited Substances shall be considered Specified Substances under Article 4.2.2.

4.3 Criteria for Including Substances and Methods on the Prohibited List. WADA shall consider the following criteria in deciding whether to include a substance or method on the Prohibited List.

4.3.1 A substance or method shall be considered for inclusion on the Prohibited List if WADA determines that the substance or method meets any two of the following three criteria:

4.3.1.1 Medical or other scientific evidence, pharmacological effect or experience that the substance or method, alone or in combination with other substances or methods, has the potential to enhance or enhances sport performance;

[Comment to Article 4.3.1.1: This Article anticipates that there may be substances that, when used alone, are not prohibited but which will be prohibited if used in combination with certain other substances. A substance which is added to the Prohibited List because it has the potential to enhance performance only in combination with another substance shall be so noted and shall be prohibited only if there is evidence relating to both substances in combination.]

4.3.1.2 Medical or other scientific evidence, pharmacological effect, or experience that the Use of the substance or method represents an actual or potential health risk to the Athlete;

4.3.1.3 WADA's determination that the Use of the substance or method violates the spirit of sport described in the Introduction to the Code.

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4.3.2 A substance or method shall also be included on the Prohibited List if WADA determines there is medical or other scientific evidence, pharmacological effect or experience that the substance or method has the potential to mask the Use of other Prohibited Substances and Prohibited Methods.

[Comment to Article 4.3.2: A substance shall be considered for inclusion on the Prohibited List if the substance is a masking agent or meets two of the following three criteria: (1) it has the potential to enhance or enhances sport performance; (2) it represents a potential or actual health risk; or (3) it is contrary to the spirit of sport. None of the three criteria alone is a sufficient basis for adding a substance to the Prohibited List. Using the potential to enhance performance as the sole criteria would include, for example, physical and mental training, red meat, carbohydrate loading and training at altitude. Risk of harm would include smoking. Requiring all three criteria would also be unsatisfactory. For example, the use of genetic transfer technology to dramatically enhance sport performance should be prohibited as contrary to the spirit of sport even if it is not harmful. Similarly, the potentially unhealthy abuse of certain substances without therapeutic justification based on the mistaken belief they enhance performance is certainly contrary to the spirit of sport regardless of whether the expectation of performance enhancement is realistic. As part of the process each year, all Signatories, governments and other interested Persons are invited to provide comments to WADA on the content of the Prohibited List.]

4.3.3 WADA’s determination of the Prohibited Substances and Prohibited Methods that will be included on the Prohibited List and the classification of substances into categories on the Prohibited List is final and shall not be subject to challenge by an Athlete or other Person based on an argument that the substance or method was not a masking agent or did not have the potential to enhance performance, represent a health risk, or violate the spirit of sport.

[Comment to Article 4.3.3: The question of whether a substance meets the criteria in Article 4.3 (Criteria for Including Substances and Methods on the Prohibited List) in a particular case cannot be raised as a defense to an anti-doping rule violation. For example, it cannot be argued that the Prohibited Substance detected would not have been performance enhancing in that particular sport. Rather, doping occurs when a substance on the Prohibited List is found in an Athlete’s Sample. Similarly, it cannot be argued that a substance listed in the class of anabolic agents does not belong in that class.]

4.4 Therapeutic Use

WADA has adopted an International Standard for the process of granting therapeutic use exemptions.

Each International Federation shall ensure, for International-Level Athletes or any other Athlete who is entered in an International Event, that a process is in place whereby Athletes with documented medical conditions requiring the Use of a Prohibited Substance or a Prohibited Method may

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request a therapeutic use exemption. Athletes who have been identified as included in their International Federation’s Registered Testing Pool may only obtain therapeutic use exemptions in accordance with the rules of their International Federation. Each International Federation shall publish a list of those International Events for which a therapeutic use exemption from the International Federation is required. Each National Anti-Doping Organization shall ensure, for all Athletes within its jurisdiction that have not been included in an International Federation Registered Testing Pool, that a process is in place whereby Athletes with documented medical conditions requiring the Use of a Prohibited Substance or a Prohibited Method may request a therapeutic use exemption. Such requests shall be evaluated in accordance with the International Standard for Therapeutic Use Exemptions. International Federations and National Anti-Doping Organizations shall promptly report to WADA through ADAMS the granting of any therapeutic use exemption except to national-level Athletes that are not included in the National Anti-Doping Organization's Registered Testing Pool.

WADA, on its own initiative, may review at any time the granting of a therapeutic use exemption to any International-Level Athlete or national-level Athlete that is included in his or her National Anti-Doping Organization's Registered Testing Pool. Further, upon the request of any such Athlete that has been denied a therapeutic use exemption, WADA may review such denial. If WADA determines that such granting or denial of a therapeutic use exemption did not comply with the International Standard for Therapeutic Use Exemptions, WADA may reverse the decision.

If, contrary to the requirement of this Article, an International Federation does not have a process in place where Athletes may request therapeutic use exemptions, an International-Level Athlete may request WADA to review the application as if it had been denied.

The presence of a Prohibited Substance or its Metabolites or Markers (Article 2.1), Use or Attempted Use of a Prohibited Substance or a Prohibited Method (Article 2.2), Possession of Prohibited Substances and Methods (Article 2.6) or Administration of a Prohibited Substance or Prohibited Method (Article 2.8) consistent with the provisions of an applicable therapeutic use exemption and issued pursuant to the International Standard for Therapeutic Use Exemptions shall not be considered an anti-doping rule violation.

4.5 Monitoring Program

WADA, in consultation with other Signatories and governments, shall establish a monitoring program regarding substances which are not on the Prohibited List, but which WADA wishes to monitor in order to detect patterns of misuse in sport. WADA shall publish, in advance of any Testing, the substances that will be monitored. Laboratories will report the instances of reported Use or detected presence of these substances to WADA periodically on an aggregate basis by sport and whether the Samples were collected In-Competition or Out–of-Competition. Such

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reports shall not contain additional information regarding specific Samples. WADA shall make available to International Federations and National Anti-Doping Organizations, on at least an annual basis, aggregate statistical information by sport regarding the additional substances. WADA shall implement measures to ensure that strict anonymity of individual Athletes is maintained with respect to such reports. The reported use or detected presence of the monitored substances shall not constitute a doping violation.

ARTICLE 5 TESTING

5.1 Test Distribution Planning. Subject to the jurisdictional limitations for In-Competition Testing in Article 15.1, each National Anti-Doping Organization shall have Testing jurisdiction over all Athletes who are present in that National Anti-Doping Organization’s country or who are nationals, residents, license-holders or members of sport organizations of that country. Each International Federation shall have Testing jurisdiction over all Athletes who are members of their member National Federations or who participate in their events. All Athletes must comply with any request for Testing by any Anti-Doping Organization with Testing jurisdiction. In coordination with other Anti-Doping Organizations conducting Testing on the same Athletes, and consistent with the International Standard for Testing, each Anti-Doping Organization shall:

5.1.1 Plan and conduct an effective number of In-Competition and Out-of-Competition tests on Athletes over whom they have jurisdiction, including but not limited to Athletes in their respective Registered Testing Pools. Each International Federation shall establish a Registered Testing Pool for International-Level Athletes in its sport, and each National Anti-Doping Organization shall establish a national Registered Testing Pool for Athletes from or in its country. In accordance with Article 14.3, any Athlete included in a Registered Testing Pool shall be subject to the whereabouts requirements set out in the International Standard for Testing.

5.1.2 Except in exceptional circumstances all Out-of-Competition Testing shall be No Advance Notice.

5.1.3 Make Target Testing a priority.

5.1.4 Conduct Testing on Athletes serving a period of Ineligibility or a Provisional Suspension.

[Comment to Article 5.1.3: Target Testing is specified because random Testing, or even weighted random Testing, does not ensure that all of the appropriate Athletes will be tested (for example: world class Athletes, Athletes whose performances have dramatically improved over a short period of time, Athletes whose coaches have had other Athletes test positive, etc.).

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Obviously, Target Testing must not be used for any purpose other than legitimate Doping Control. The Code makes it clear that Athletes have no right to expect that they will be tested only on a random basis. Similarly, it does not impose any reasonable suspicion or probable cause requirement for Target Testing.]

5.2 Standards for Testing

Anti-Doping Organizations with Testing